分类： 生物学 >> 生物物理学 提交时间： 2016-05-18
Lu, Qiuhe
Yao, Qing
Xu, Yue
Li, Lin
Li, Shan
Gao, Wenqing
Niu, Miao
Chen, She
Shao, Feng
Xu, Yue
Liu, Yanhua
Liu, Xiaoyun
Liu, Yanhua
Liu, Xiaoyun
Sharon, Michal
Ben-Nissan, Gili
Zamyatina, Alla
Shao, Feng
Shao, Feng
摘要： Autotransporters deliver virulence factors to the bacterial surface by translocating an effector passenger domain through a membrane-anchored barrel structure. Although passenger domains are diverse, those found in enteric bacteria autotransporters, including AIDA-I in diffusely adhering Escherichia coli (DAEC) and TibA in enterotoxigenic E. coli, are commonly glycosylated. We show that AIDA-I is heptosylated within the bacterial cytoplasm by autotransporter adhesin heptosyltransferase (AAH) and its paralogue AAH2. AIDA-I heptosylation determines DAEC adhesion to host cells. AAH/AAH2 define a bacterial autotransporter heptosyltransferase (BAHT) family that contains ferric ion and adopts a dodecamer assembly. Structural analyses of the heptosylated TibA passenger domain reveal 35 heptose conjugates forming patterned and solenoid-like arrays on the surface of a beta helix. Additionally, CARC, the AIDA-like autotransporter from Citrobacter rodentium, is essential for colonization in mice and requires heptosylation by its cognate BAHT. Our study establishes a bacterial glycosylation system that regulates virulence and is essential for pathogenesis.
分类： 生物学 >> 生物物理学 >> 免疫学 提交时间： 2016-05-11
摘要： Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of Gram-negative bacteria cell wall. In innate immunity, extracellular LPS is recognized by Toll-like receptor 4 to stimulate cytokine transcription. Recent studies suggest a 'non-canonical inflammasome' that senses cytoplasmic LPS and activates caspase-11 in mouse macrophages. Unexpectedly, biochemical studies reveal that caspase-11 and its human orthologs caspase-4/caspase-5 are LPS receptors themselves. Direct LPS binding induces caspase-4/caspase-5/caspase-11 oligomerization and activation, triggering cell pyroptosis and anti-bacterial defenses. Caspase-4/caspase-5/caspase-11 recognition of intracellular LPS requires bacterial escape from the vacuole; this process is promoted by interferon-inducible GTPases-mediated lysis of the bacteria-containing vacuole. Non-canonical activation of these inflammatory caspases by LPS not only represents a new paradigm in innate immunity but also critically determines LPS-induced septic shock in mice.
分类： 生物学 >> 生物物理学 提交时间： 2016-05-11
Shi, Jianjin
Shi, Jianjin
Zhao, Yue
Wang, Kun
Shi, Xuyan
Wang, Yue
Huang, Huanwei
Zhuang, Yinghua
Cai, Tao
Wang, Fengchao
Shao, Feng
Shao, Feng
Shao, Feng
摘要： Inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, -4, -5 and -11) are critical for innate defences. Caspase-1 is activated by ligands of various canonical inflammasomes, and caspase-4, -5 and -11 directly recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharide, both of which trigger pyroptosis. Despite the crucial role in immunity and endotoxic shock, the mechanism for pyroptosis induction by inflammatory caspases is unknown. Here we identify gasdermin D (Gsdmd) by genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 nuclease screens of caspase-11- and caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis in mouse bone marrow macrophages. GSDMD-deficient cells resisted the induction of pyroptosis by cytosolic lipopolysaccharide and known canonical inflammasome ligands. Interleukin-1 beta release was also diminished in Gsdmd(-/-) cells, despite intact processing by caspase-1. Caspase-1 and caspase-4/5/11 specifically cleaved the linker between the amino-terminal gasdermin-N and carboxy-terminal gasdermin-C domains in GSDMD, which was required and sufficient for pyroptosis. The cleavage released the intramolecular inhibition on the gasdermin-N domain that showed intrinsic pyroptosis-inducing activity. Other gasdermin family members were not cleaved by inflammatory caspases but shared the autoinhibition; gain-of-function mutations in Gsdma3 that cause alopecia and skin defects disrupted the autoinhibition, allowing its gasdermin-N domain to trigger pyroptosis. These findings offer insight into inflammasome-mediated immunity/diseases and also change our understanding of pyroptosis and programmed necrosis.
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